Russia

RU / RUS 66.4°, 94.2°

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world, spanning eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. With a population of over 140 million, Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and largest city of Russia, while Saint Petersburg is its second-largest city and a major cultural centre.

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Capital

Moscow

Population

146,119,928

Area

17,075,400 km2

Climate

Continental

Government

Semi-presidential federation

Currency

Russian ruble

Languages

Russian 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%

Sells

crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal

Sells to

China 33%, India 17%, Turkey 8%

Land borders

14: Azerbaijan, Belarus, People's Republic of China, Estonia ...

Drives on the

right

Calling code

Founded

1263

Hemisphere

Northern

Where it is

Languages

Share of the population that speaks each. Click one to see every country that speaks it.

Russianofficial

85.7%

Tatar

3.2%

Chechen

1.0%

What it sells, and to whom

Every line is a thread: click a commodity or a partner to see who else trades in it.

Farms and fisheries

wheat
sugar beets
milk
barley
potatoes
sunflower seeds

Largest cities

Moscow capital	10,381,222
Saint Petersburg	5,351,935
Novosibirsk	1,612,833
Yekaterinburg	1,495,066
Nizhniy Novgorod	1,259,013

Wars and conflicts

Click one to see everyone else who fought in it.

World War II1939–1945 World War I1914–1918 Napoleonic Wars1803–1815 Seven Years' War1756–1763 Crimean War1853–1856 Russo-Japanese War1904–1905 Spanish Civil War1936–1939 Second Sino-Japanese War1937–1945 Winter War1939–1940 Korean War1950–1953 Vietnam War1955–1975 Soviet-Afghan War1979–1989 Syrian civil war2011–2024 Russian invasion of Ukraine2022–now Chinese Civil War1927–1949 Greek War of Independence1821–1829 Angolan Civil War1975–2002 full-scale Russo-Ukrainian war2022–now Russo-Georgian War2008 First Chechen War1994–1996 War on Terrorism2001–2021 Second Chechen War1999–2009 Transnistria War1990–1992 Tajikistani Civil War1992–1997 War in Abkhazia1992–1993 War of Dagestan1999 Crimean-Russian Wars1507–1572 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine2014–2015

Form of government

Semi-presidential federation.

soviet republic1917–1993 federal republic super-presidential republic presidential system semi-presidential system1993–now federation

Money, belief and alliances

Money

Russian ruble

Belongs to

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Council of the Baltic Sea States Arctic Council Union State International Civil Defence Organisation United Nations World Meteorological Organization BRIC International Development Association Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Commonwealth of Independent States Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Missile Technology Control Regime UNESCO

Climate and geography

ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Climate zone

Continental

Highest point

Mount Elbrus

Landmarks and landscapes

Red Square Saint Basil's Cathedral Lake Baikal Trans-Siberian Railway Hermitage Museum

Northern hemisphere.

Land borders (14)

Azerbaijan

Belarus

People's Republic of China

Estonia

Finland

Georgia

North Korea

Kazakhstan

Lithuania

Latvia

Mongolia

Norway

Poland

Ukraine

In charge right now

Vladimir Putin Head of state

Mikhail Mishustin Head of government

Figures from its history

Peter the Great Tsar who westernised Russia Peter I, better known as Peter the Great, was the ruler of Tsarist Russia from 1682 to 1725, first as Tsar of the Tsardom of Russia until 1721 and Emperor of the Russian Empire afterwards.

Vladimir Lenin Leader of the October Revolution Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.

Joseph Stalin Soviet leader, 1924-1953 Joseph Stalin was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation's Premier from...

Catherine the Great Empress, 1762-1796 Catherine II, commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

Mikhail Gorbachev Last Soviet leader Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was a Soviet and Russian politician who was the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until the country's dissolution in 1991.